At Different Stages in Our Life the Law Regulates Our Rights and Responsibilities in Different Ways. Examine How and Why Legal Rights and Responsibilities May Change over the Course of a Person’s Life.

Throughout a person’s life there is a balance between the rights and responsibilities that they are regulated by. This essay assess’ the reasons why these rights and responsibilities change and how they change during a childhood, adulthood and elderly years. When a foetus is in the womb, it has â€Å"limited legal recognition† however when the baby is born it is given a separate identity, it is registered and becomes a â€Å"legal personality. From this point on different rights and responsibilities will be gained throughout the child’s life, and they â€Å"only gain rights and responsibilities when society feels they are capable of understanding their actions and the consequences of those actions. † Rights don’t exist without responsibilities however â€Å"baby or small child cannot be expected to take responsibility for their own actions† (pg. 74) and they do not possess the mental capacity to understand the consequences.It is belie ve that when children reach the age of 10years they will have â€Å"sufficient understanding of the serious and criminal nature of their own actions and are held accountable the same way as adults. † (pg. 75) it is at this point that â€Å"children understand the difference between bad behaviour and serious wrong doing. †(pg. 75) Civil rights and responsibilities are different though as children cannot enter into a legal binding contract, although there are some exceptions. But this is â€Å"designed to protect children from unscrupulous behaviour. † (pg. 6) Children and medical care has always been an area of controversy. The Family Law Act of 1969 states that Children can only give consent to medical care at the age of 16, however following the case of Gillick V West Norfolk and Wisbeck Health Authority [1986] AC 112 it was decided that if â€Å"children under the age of 16 were competent to give their own valid consent to medical treatment if they were suffi ciently mature to understand what was being proposed. † Now if a child can prove they have ‘Gillick competency’ they are allowed to give consent. Like this, there are many other pieces of legislation written for the welfare of children, enforced by social services such as, the Education Act of 1996 required that children between the ages of 5 and 16 must attend school, full time. However it’s the parents’ responsibility to ensure this. (pg. ) There are also many rules on children employment such as very limited hours and the type of occupation they do. All of these Acts are for the protection of vulnerable children and adolescents.

Review of Article the Influence of Organizational Culture on Employee Work Behavior

The objectives of this research are to examine the influence of organizational culture on employee work behavior. Moreover, there are to explain the influence that organizational culture has on employee work behavior, to formulate recommendations regarding organizational culture and employee work behavior. There are a few questions that were asked, in order to measure the result. In addition, the method was used in this research is a survey research method. Plus, respondents were selected by using stratified and simple random sampling techniques. Primary data were collected through questionnaire. Data were presented and analyzed by means of simple percentage and the hypotheses were tested by chi-square test statistics. However, the result of the findings shows that organizational culture i. e. norms, artifacts, values, traditions, assumptions and belief influences employee work behavior. Recommendations were also made to the organizations that will find this study relevant to their course to make their culture simple and easy to grasp and adhere to so that their employees can be free to put in their best. In addition, the organization should build trust among the employee and managers by using Islamic perspective. Review Each of us has a unique personality – traits and characteristics that influence the way we act and interact with others. When we describe someone as warm, open, relaxed, shy, or aggressive, we’re describing personality traits. An organization, too, has a personality, which we call its cultures. And culture influences the way employees act and interact with others (Robbin & Coulter, 2012). However, not all organizations that have cultures influence employees’ behaviors and action. The organization with strong cultures has more influence rather than weak cultures organization. In this study we can see the result from analyzed the data that the culture is one of the key elements that organization must be concerned, as the top manager can take the attention of this topic and make change to the organization by motivate the employees through improve the organization cultures which can be done through many ways such as through organization stories, rituals, language or material artifacts and symbols. In addition, the result of strong culture may lead employees to improvement of performance, responsibility and well-being. Moreover, in the organization hould build trust among the employees and managers by using Islamic perspective in order to perform more efficient and receive effective outcomes within the organization. Summary and review of problem statement and purpose of study The importance of employee’s performance or behavior will appear on their work which the organizational culture is one of many factors that drive the employee’s work. There are many researches in different area of studies related to this topic. Hence, there is no widely accepted causal the relationship between organizational culture and employee work behavior in the last few decades. The empirical evidences emerging from various studies about the effect of organizational culture on employee work behavior have so far yielded mixed results that are inconclusive and contradictory. Because of these contradictory results, the question of whether organizational culture improves or employee’s work behavior is getting worse still worthy of further research. In addition, despite the existence of these studies, very little attention has been given to developing countries. This means that the impact of organizational culture on employees’ work behavior has not received adequate research attention in Nigeria. Thus, there is a major gap in the relevant literature on Nigeria, which has to be covered by research. This research attempts to fill this gap by studying the situation of the Nigerian service industry and providing more empirical evidence on the effects of organizational culture on employee work behavior in Nigeria. The purpose of this study is: (i) To ascertain if organizational culture influence employee work behavior. (ii) To find out if organizational culture affects organizational productivity. (iii) To disclose whether a change in organizational culture could lead to a change in employee work behavior Review From the problem and the purpose of this journal tell us that they want to prove whether the little thing that organizations in nowadays less concerned which is organizational culture may influence the performance of employees by using empirical evidences with Nigeria Nestle industry. Addition, to indicate that cultures within organizations was an interesting topic to be study and can be a significant affect within the organizations. Summary of the Literature review Conceptual framework of organizational cultural Organizational culture has been appeared in various field of human science studies such as psychology, sociology and anthropology. The study of organizational culture is widely defined by many scholars yet the definition is not mainly accepted (Ojo, 2012). Organization culture has affected on productivity of organizational activities which mean it has influence outcomes of the company in term of performance, commitment, self-confidence and ethical behavior. In other words organizational cultural is one of vital elements organization's success that manipulate employee work behavior. Defined the organizational culture According to Morgan, 1997 defined organizational culture as one of the metaphors used for organizational analysis. He suggested that the basic of organization involves in the development of shared meaning, beliefs, norms, values and assumptions which are shaped by organizational behavior. Another definition of organizational culture is a set of values that help organization members know which is acceptable and that which is unacceptable within the organization (Ojo, 2010). Thus , in our opinion , organizational culture is values which involve in beliefs, norms and perspectives within organization which it help shaping the member's behavior and perceive what is right and wrong within the organization . Organizational values According to Jehn, (1994) & Hall (1999) explained that organizational values are expected to produce higher levels of productivity , job satisfaction and commitment . In this statement, it can be said that organizational values are also key in organization behavior which it affect on each individual and organizational outcomes of the company. How organizational cultures develop The values and norms which are the basis of culture formed through 4 ways 1. By leaders in the organization 2. through critical incidents or important events 3. through effective working relationship among organizations members 4. Through the organization's environment There are seven dimensions organization culture that could be used to compare culture across organizations are innovation and risk taking, attention to detail, outcome orientation, people orientation, individual vs. team orientation, aggressiveness and stability Types of organizational culture according to Handy (1993) 1. Power culture: Control or power emanate from the centre, personal power predominate. This culture serves the figure head and the leader 2. Role culture: bureaucratic nature; roles more important than the people who fill them; position power predominates, and expert power tolerated. This culture serves the structure. 3. Task culture: The focus is on completing the job; individuals’ expertise and contribution are highly valued; expert power predominates, but both personal and position power are important; the unifying force of the group is manifested in high level of collaboration 4. Person culture: A loose collection of individuals – usually professionals – sharing common facilities but pursuing own goals separately; power is not really an issue, since members are experts in their own right. This type of culture serves the individual. According to Handy (1993) describes that the culture within organization affects the way that it operates and it's member behave. So in our opinion suggest that the culture in organization it affects both physically and mentally which means it causes both the way they think and act within organization among the members. Concept of behavior Human behavior is complex, it is not easy to study and define as others studies because human beings are different from one another in term of perspectives, cultures, and beliefs. However, the operant conditioning model is one model that used to explain human behavior. Conditioning is a systematic procedure through which associates and responses to specific stimulate learning ( Hollinshead, Nicholls and Tailby, 2003). Operant conditioning is defined as â€Å"a type of learning in which the desirable or undesirable consequences of behavior determine whether the behavior is repeated† (Sorensen, 2002). It is also known as instrumental conditioning. The probability of an event occurring depends on its consequences. Summary of the research methodology In this journal, the research methodology that the authors used is survey research. The theoretical population of the study consists of the entire workers of Nestle Nigeria PLC, Ikeja, Lagos State, Nigeria. The technique to select the participating respondents is the stratified sampling because it is effective coverage and lower cost. Thereafter, a total of 55 employees were selected using simple random sampling method which the employees were stratified into junior, intermediate, and senior cadres. Yet the returned of complete questionnaire is only 50 to be used in analyzing. The Primary data collected through the administration of questionnaire were used for this journal. The questionnaire was titled â€Å"Organizational Culture and Employee Work Behavior Questionnaire† To ensure the validity and reliability of the questionnaire used for the study, even number of experts was consulted to look at the questionnaire items in relation to its ability to achieve the stated objectives of the research, level of coverage, comprehensibility, logicality and suitability for prospective respondents. Data collected from the questionnaire were analyzed, summarized, and interpreted accordingly with the aid of descriptive statistical techniques. Chi-square was used to measure the discrepancies existing between the observed and expected frequency and to proof the level of significance in testing stated hypotheses. Summary of the findings and discussions Based on analyzed data, the findings in this study include the followings: 1) A large number of respondents 84. 0% of the respondents agree that organizational culture influence employee work behavior. 2) 72. 0% of the respondents agree that organizational culture is a determinant of productivity level of the organization. 3) 84. % of the respondents agree that a change in culture will cause a change in employee work behavior. 4) 54. 0% of the respondents agree that organizational norm is a major determinant of organizational culture. 5) Majority of the respondents (56. 0%) agree that organizational artifact is a major factor of organizational culture. 6) Organizational values influence employee work performance as 50. 0% of the respondents agree to this. 7) Adequate motivatio nal factors improve employee work behavior. 46. 0% of the respondents agree to this. From the hypotheses tested, we are able to discover the following: 1) In testing the first hypothesis, indicates that organizational culture has a significant influence on employee work behavior. 2) When the second hypothesis was tested indicates that organizational culture is a major determinant of organizational productivity. 3) Finally, when the third hypothesis was tested it was also discovered that a change in organizational culture will cause a change in employee work behavior. From the result of analyzing can conclude that: (i) Organizational culture influence employee work behavior in the organization. ii) Organizational culture is a determinant of the productivity level of the organization. (iii) Changing in organizational culture will lead to a change in employee work behavior. (iv) Organizational culture has a significant influence on employee work behavior. Discussion Why the culture important? For one thing, in organizations with strong cultures, employees are more loyal than employees in organizations with weak cultures (Robbin Coulter, 2014). For example, International Islamic University Malaysia that we are all have stayed, studied and worked. Many of staffs that we know have been work here more than 20 years and many students hat graduated from here continue study master in the same place. We think that one of the important reason of those people felt that IIUM had a very strong culture, not only employees that is loyal, but customers (students) is also feeling the same. Therefore, we are strongly agree that the organizational culture effected to employee work behavior. The suggestion for the journal 1. Even though individual has different in term of cultures, perspectives, beliefs and behaviors, one should be able to cope with others members in the organization to accomplish the same goals. The individual must have ability to adopt oneself to the organizational environment and cultural that will determine how one behaves at work. Nestle Nigeria Plc. Should encourages new entrants to internalize first with organization culture to know whether they can cope with them or not. 2. Should provide adequate motivational factors such as housing allowance , car loan , holiday allowance that will make their employee feel comfortable and satisfied with the company 3. Should operate strong culture not weak culture, which it can help employees perform better and it leads to efficient and effective performance. . The organization should build trust among employees and managers by using lslamic perspective. Trust is an important element in Islam as Allah (SWT) mentioned a lot verses in the and also our Prophet Muhammad (SAW) encourage us to implement our daily activity, the company relationship whether the employee in private business or within the public sector. Thus, trust plays and key role in bringing individuals together to create value that no one person could create on her partner as well as trust in relationship among members of business partners. It is emphasized in the Qur’an: â€Å"Allah commands you to deliver trusts to those worthy of them; and when you judge between people, to judge with justice†. (al-nisa’, 4:58. What is more obvious here is in that the verse is addressed to everyone when holds everything in trust. Here, we forewarned against the evil, position of trust to incompetent, mean, immoral, dishonest. According to Hadith : â€Å"Every one of you is a guardian and everyone will be asked about his subjects. Imam is a guardian. He will be asked about his subjects. A man is the guardian of the persons in his household. He is answerable about them. A woman is the guardian of her husband's house. She will be asked about her responsibility. The servant is the guardian of the articles of his master. He is answerable about this responsibility of his† (Bukhari) The Muslims are directed to take head of this and to entrust position of responsibility. Trust arises within community of regular, honest and corporative behavior based on commonly shared norms. The employees are trusted in organization they will feel more comfortable and good perform within the organization as the result, they will produce efficiency and effective outcomes.

Definition of security in info. sys Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Definition of security in info. sys - Essay Example A very important aspect of such information systems is the ability to protect the data and information obtained from unauthorized access, exploitation, addition, deletion, or modification. This is called as security of information system. Increased interconnectivity amongst various information systems has raised new issues and threats for the security of information systems. However it is based on some core principles. First of these is Confidentiality. It refers to protecting personal privacy, and proprietary information from unauthorized access, and disclosure. If sensitive information such as Card Number No., SSN No., company strategy, transactions data for the company, passwords etc. leaks to unauthorized people, it may lead to large level of misuse by the thief. Second core principle is Integrity which refers to preventing unauthorized information modification (addition, editing, and deletion). The integrity of data and information in an information system may suffer because in many cases like attack of virus/worms, hacking of websites, an employee being able to change sensitive corporate information etc. Another important principle of Information system is to make it reliably and timely accessible to correct users. This aspect of the IS is called availability. This also includes preventing a website from Denial-of-Service Attacks. Information system professionals have to protect their corporate IS from various threats. The first kind of threat that can harm the security of IS is hacking, which refers to obsessive or unauthorized use of company computer and network resources. Often employees or outside people make unauthorized use of network, and make fraudulent transactions. This is called as cyber theft. Employees may also use corporate computer and networks for purposes such as e-mail abuses, pornography, and moonlighting. This unauthorized use at work is called time and resource theft. Apart from these,

Introduction Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Introduction - Lab Report Example Coral reefs are found in about 100 countries and are home to over 25% of marine population and are the world's most fragile ones. They are topographically complex. Thousands of species of fish and invertebrates live in association with reefs, because of their complexity. For example, hundreds of colonial invertebrate species are found living on the undersides of platy corals in Caribbean Sea. Coral Bleaching: Coral bleaching is the whitening of diverse coral colonies. It happens as the reaction of the loss of symbiotic zooxanthellae, residing within corals, or a reduction in its photosynthetic pigments. Factors causing coral bleaching include various anthropogenic and natural variations in the environment including sea temperature, solar irradiance, sedimentation, xenobiotics, sub aerial exposure, inorganic nutrients, freshwater dilution, and epizootics. Coral bleaching is caused by both low as well as high levels of salinity. Low salinity level originates from sea water dilution tha t is a result of high precipitation events or storm runoff. High salinity levels are produced by the desalination plant operations. Copper accumulation is the dominant trait of Aiptasia pallida. They are sensitive towards the relevant copper concentrations. Hence they may be useful in bio-monitoring of copper polluted environments.

How do you define success Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

How do you define success - Essay Example The most successful people were clearly those who had all the parties, had attractive boyfriends and girlfriends, and sat at the right lunch tables. Today I look back at this adolescent phase and consider that while my understanding of success was widely shared, I can’t help but feel it was rooted in an illusionary understanding of reality and what is important in life. Today I define success much differently. Rather than viewing success in terms of other people, I understand success as a matter of personal meaning and social contribution. I think that it’s important that human beings live their lives with purpose. Too often people are caught seeking acceptance from others and personal wealth as they believe these things constitute success and personal happiness, when in actuality they are a mirage. True success is living life to one’s full potential in ways that contribute to the world in positive ways. For me, this means seeking out and sharing new and interesting ideas, living with a social conscience, and a sense of morality. I’m not a stoic, and I believe life is full of enjoyment, but if we are to achieve a lasting sense of accomplishment it must come from a personally defined sense of meaning and purpose. This is the true definition of

Dolphins Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Dolphins - Research Paper Example Finally I will attempt a self- analysis of my writing development, research ability and improvement overall as a writer and researcher. As a result of the last three projects and the content of Writ1133 I’m much more comfortable with my knowledge and ease of use with the various perspectives of research and methodology. I have developed my own writing style and individual preferences for the type of research and perspective I prefer. The first assignment started with the selection of an animal that we wanted to continue to study through the next three projects. I chose the dolphin aware of the many resources available and extensive scientific studies done on their many communication abilities and already having an interest in the dolphin. The assignment then consisted of reviewing science or scientific perspective by locating scholarly journals or publications written in more technical language. I was then to abstract pertinent, interesting and related information and write this in an easy to understand way for my intended audience, which at this time being class mates. It was important to use non-technical and expert writing for this assignment. I was to define my target audience and how I might use pathos to reach and grab their attention and also decide how to appeal to their values. The second project was to use five sources and create a literature review using an ‘artifact’ of something that contained the dolphin. Ideas or/and themes were to be represented and I was to create an analysis of the dolphins role in the text I selected. This project was to use a humanistic perspective and analysis was to be supported with evidence from the text and from research. Some possible questions to answer were how the animal is represented and also why is the animal being represented in the artifact? Project three focused on

Efficiency In Healthcare Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Efficiency In Healthcare - Essay Example Therefore, to effectively and efficiently implement the program, it is vital to promote a clear understanding of environmental context and targeted health behaviors. Meaningful evaluation is also necessary to explain and adopt appropriate techniques for handling diverse challenges. The change theory spells how ideas can be converted to strategies and ultimately concepts of action. It also brings on board explicit assumptions necessary for the implementation of any program in healthcare. Therefore, for efficiency in the implementation of the program, it is vital to develop both interactive and multi-disciplinary approaches that merge interpersonal, institutional, community and public policy. Conceivably, knowledge is indispensable, but not sufficient, the Baylor Hospital in Houston wasted over 250 million due to non-cognisant initial examination. The proposed program is complimentary to the Obama care, supportive of existing practices and responsive to changing healthcare demands. It clears the way for population changes of general Y and gives room for expansion through globalization of equipment. In conclusion, The Affordable Care Act has a number of growth opportunities for hospital-at-home care. ACA, for instance, stipulates that hospitals re-admitting excess patients soon after discharging risk losing Medicare support unless they can improve their patient outcomes. In essence, the hospitals should focus on hospital-at-home health services as a method of guaranteeing quality follow-up care and proper monitoring.

Jackson Pollock Exhibition New York Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Jackson Pollock Exhibition New York - Essay Example The paper "Jackson Pollock Exhibition New York" focuses on the artworks of Jackson Pollock. The art was first exhibited, in Sidney Janis Gallery, during Pollock’s solo exhibition, in November of 1952. The date of the painting has been mistaken frequently being given as 1953. The creation of the blue poles attracted much attention. creation of the blue poles attracted much attention. The artist has made painting over other existing paintings, and the other paints were just covered up. It seems Pollock began painting canvases that were spread on the floor. The un-stretched canvas was then stretched on the wall, after the first layer of paint was dry, by tacking it along the top edge to a beam, which stretched across the wall where more paint was added. The canvas was then left unattended to, for a period. The blue paint that run through the thick ridges of the existing paint layers was visible after the second painting is done. This is an indication that they were quite dry by t hat time. Pollock was the first painter to pour paint rather that use brushes and palette. â€Å"Action† is the only image Pollock painted. This image, however, seemed inadequate for his creative process. This is in relation to his earlier works. Lavender Mist is three meters long (nearly 10 ft). It is also a massive expanse on a heroic scale. It is decorated with colored scribble, spattered lines that cross its entire surface but now thickening, and trailing off to a slender skein. Its eye is constantly eager.

Cultual Awareness, Understanding, and Acceptance Essay

Cultual Awareness, Understanding, and Acceptance - Essay Example Holme and Gronlund define subcultures as groups of individuals that, through a value or belief system, make conscious decisions to further differentiate themselves from the other cultural groups to which they might otherwise traditionally belong (Holme and Gronlund, 2005). For example, a child may be born African American and immediately be identified with that culture, but decisions that are made after that, such as religious beliefs, sexual orientation, or other aspects of worldview, may place that child within more narrowly defined subcultures. It is important for educators to have a thorough understanding of both the evangelical Christian and Goth subcultures, albeit for differing reasons. The evangelical Christian subculture, which consists of several Protestant churches, is critical because it is a growing and influential group. According to the US Census Bureau, 43 percent of Georgians identify themselves as evangelical Christians, a figure that closely resembles the 47 percent nationally that identify as evangelicals (Spengler, 2004 and US Census Bureau, 2003). Evangelical Christians must be understood not only because of their power as a group, but also because of their traditionally negative view toward public education. Many evangelical Christians are openly opposed to the secular nature of public education, and many Georgia parents do, in fact, enroll their children in private religious schools. It is important for the public school educator to be conscious and respectful of the strong belief system that may be he ld by evangelical Christian students, while also remaining mindful that unwavering support of the public school system may not exist in the students' homes. The Goth subculture is important for educators to understand primarily because of the stereotypes that exist about it and because of the underlying factors that may drive students toward the lifestyle. The Goth subculture is defined by a macabre style of dress and makeup - typically black clothing and nail polish, perhaps with mascara and even a white foundation makeup on the face - and the use of Christian and sometimes pagan symbolism (Robinson, 2006). The Goth subculture is present in Georgia, with sizable populations in areas such as Atlanta and Athens (Ford, 2006). History demonstrates that other students may be fearful of students who adopt the Goth lifestyle and research has shown that the students who adopt the lifestyle are often troubled, frequently dealing with feelings of isolation, depression, and even the desire to self-harm (Vince, 2006). Naturally, it is pointless and even counterproductive to paint all evangelical Christian and Goth students with the same brush. Without doubt, there are evangelical Christian students whose parents believe strongly in public education, just as there are certainly Goth students who are well adjusted psychologically. However, there are certain beliefs, values and tendencies that run through these groups. Because it is the job of an educator to teach - and to also make a genuine effort to understand - his or her students, it is important to gain an understanding of these two critical subcultures. Research methodology The research methodology for this paper will focus on the analysis of both

Fruit Fly Introduction Essay Example for Free

Fruit Fly Introduction Essay The purpose of this lab is to understand how each offspring inherits its genotype and how its phenotype reflects it. Sex chromosomes determine the sex of the offspring, and the autosomes consist of all the other chromosomes that determine phenotypic traits. Dominant traits are the genes that are expressed, while the recessive traits are masked by the dominant traits. We used Drosophila melanogaster (fruit fly), mutating the female fruit fly with a scalloped gene to change the phenotype of its offspring and using males with genes showing wild-type. Placing WT males and SD females in the same vile, we provided the flies an atmosphere to mate, giving us offspring with mixed genotypes and phenotypes. This experiment will reflect the breeding of fruit flies and how genes are present within adults as well as passed down through the offspring. Our four hypotheses related to mode of inheritance that was used to pass the gene. The mode of inheritance for the scalloped gene is autosomal dominant. The genotype of the female parent is homozygous dominant. The male parent genotype is homozygous recessive. From this hypothesis we expect all of the offspring to have a heterozygous genotype, and the offspring would all be scalloped†¦. The mode of inheritance for the scalloped gene is autosomal recessive. The genotype of the female parent is homozygous recessive. The genotype of the male parent is homozygous dominant. From the hypothesis we can expect the offspring to have heterozygous genotypes, but the offspring’s phenotype would be wild type†¦. The mode of inheritance for the scalloped gene is sex-linked dominant. The genotype of the female is homozygous dominant. The genotype of the male parent is hemizygous recessive. From this hypothesis we can expect all the female offspring to be heterozygous and all the male offspring to be hemizygous dominant. Both male and female offspring would be scalloped†¦.. Finally, the mode of inheritance for the scalloped gene is sex-linked recessive. The genotype of the female parent is homozygous recessive. The genotype of the male parent is hemizygous dominant. From this hypothesis we can expect all the females to have heterozygous genotypes and all the male offspring to have hemizygous recessive genotypes. In this prediction, all the male offspring would be scalloped, while the females would be wild type†¦.. The hypothesis that stated the mode of inheritance for the scalloped gene is autosomal dominant, and the mode of inheritance for the scalloped gene is sex-linked dominant predicted that all of the offspring are scalloped. To set up the reciprocal cross, the mutant gene was given to the male rather than the female from the first experiment and the female received the wild-type. The first hypothesis stated was that the mode of inheritance for scalloped is autosomal dominant. In this hypothesis the female genotype was homozygous recessive while the male’s was homozygous dominant. The offspring from this cross had heterozygous genotypes and expressed the mutant phenotype. †¦. The mode of inheritance for scalloped is autosomal recessive. In this cross, the male parent had a homozygous recessive genotype, while the female had a homozygous dominant genotype. The result of this was that all of the offspring had a heterozygous genotype and expressed the wild type phenotype. †¦ The mode of inheritance for scalloped is sex linked dominant. In this cross the female parent had a homozygous recessive genotype while the male had a hemizygous dominant genotype. The female offspring from this cross were heterozygous and expressed the mutant phenotype, while the male offspring had a hemizygous recessive genotype and expressed the wild type phenotype. †¦ The mode of inheritance for scalloped is sex linked recessive. In this cross, the female parent had a homozygous dominant genotype while the male parent had a hemizygous recessive genotype. The female offspring of this cross had a heterozygous genotype while the males had a hemizygous dominant genotype. All offspring expressed the wild type phenotype†¦. Each of the Punnett squares are possible outcomes of offspring phenotypes based on the genotypes of the parents. By comparing our results to that of the Punnett square’s we will be able to determine, through process of elimination, whether or not the mutation is a dominant or recessive trait and if it appears through an autosomal or sex linked chromosome. Based on the phenotypes of the offspring, we can infer the identifications of the parental genotypes.

Major Ingredients Of A Leader Management Essay

Major Ingredients Of A Leader Management Essay Introduction First of all, in terms of the two perspectives-leaders are born and leadership skills can be developed, I support both of them. A successful leader is definitely born with certain and extraordinary talents, which provide the foundation that can be further developed during his/her life (Cyril Levicki). But possession of just the innate traits is not enough to become a leader. A leader also needs the training and development of leadership skills which can be acquired through school, workplace and experience. There are many types of leaders in the world, including the politics leader, military leader, science leader and business leader, etc. In this essay, the leadership in business organisation is mainly discussed. The main body of this essay is mainly divided into four parts. In the first part, the definition of leadership is given. The major nine ingredients concluded by Cyril Levicki is listed in this part, and some of these ingredients will be discussed. I also introduce a leadership when managing the professionals. With the development of technology and society, there are more and more companies consisted with mainly professionals. So this kind of leadership is worth mentioning. Evidences of leaders are born will be provided in the second part. The achievement of Jack Ma, the most successful business leader, will be used as an example to illustrate this kind of opinion. The second part has a great connection with the third part, because the person who is to be leader relies not only on his innate traits, but also the training and development of leadership. So the third part is about why leaders need to develop the leadership skills and how they can develop that. In this part, two types of leadership are introduced, which are charismatic leadership and intelligent leadership. In addition, the steps of developing leadership skills are discussed. The last part is about the implications for the management development. The implications are discussed from three aspects. They are selection of leaders, training for leadership and strategy of leadership development. Because training leaders is a long term plan, so the company should formulate a complete and suitable policy for that. Definition of leadership What is the leadership? Although the type of leadership varies in different contexts, for example, Sir Winston Churchill is the leader in the politics in UK while Newton is the leader in science, a leader is always leading. A leader possesses a good combination of personalities and skills and makes others to follow his directions. An effective leader always makes good judgement and benefits the whole organisation. In this essay, the definition of business leaders includes those senior managers and executives in the company. John Maxwell defined leadership as having influence on others, no matter positive or negative, for example, Henry Ford, Bill Gates, Winston Churchill and even Adolf Hitler. Van Home said in his paper that employees pay for the price of leadership, and they also reap the benefits from the successful leader. To be a good leader, one should firstly be a role model, which might exert a great influence on employees (Van Home, B.). In addition, the leader should have broad vision, which enables him/her to better make decisions without vital mistakes. The vision can be broadened with the accumulation of his/her experience. The leader should also have the ability to multi-task, especially for those efficient leaders. The ability to multi-task enables leader to do more things at a limited time. Those abilities mentioned above all can be developed after they were given birth. But some characters, such as calm and persistence, were in most cases innate traits. Major ingredients of a leader Cyril Levicki has concluded nine ingredients of a business leader. They are: Tenacity Stamina Long term wisdom emotional intelligence judgement about what is worth fighting for Equanimity Character Capacity to inspire followership Generalized love for fellow human beings As we can see, among the nine ingredients, some of them are innate traits (tenacity, stamina equanimity and emotional wisdom), and others need developed through out life. Tenacity and stamina mean the ability to stick to the job and task, no matter how difficult it might be. The long term wisdom and judgement about priorities require the leader to have broad vision and forecast the future of the business and make good judgement. The rest four ingredients are all about the influences of leader on others. The great business leader should have positive value and use it to lead and motivate employees. And the leader should also make sure that people enjoy being led by you (Cyril Levicki). Leadership in managing professionals Nowadays, there are many companies consisted of professionals. Managing those professionals could be a big question for leaders. Most professionals would like to describe that they are in a better position that managers, who are here to serve them. Mintzberg thinks that the leadership should be covert when managing professionals. He generated this idea from his friend Bramwell, a conductor. Bramwell leaded an orchestra, among which were all professional musicians. Bramwell did not see himself as a manager, but a lion tamer. What he gave those professionals was not direction, but support and protection. And he ensured that the whole team was in great harmony. So Mintzberg concluded that the leader should not be in complete control nor be entire unimportant. The relationship between the conductor and the orchestra is just like that between senior manager and professional engineers. If the manager acts like a overt leader and let those professionals to fellow his plan, which might be wr ong. The professionals would definitely feel depressed and the interest of company would be damaged. What the manager should do is to provide a good workplace which allows professional to do their best and to give them enough support. So the key point of managing those professionals is to let them appreciate the management, and be willing to corporate with managers. Summary So the leadership is about both innate good traits and skills and knowledge acquired through training and experience. When the potential leader was born, he /she was given the raw material of talent, which can be further developed. Both of them are essential for the leadership. Evidences of leaders are born After working with thousands of leaders, Cyril Levicki said in his book that almost all good leaders are born with a special talent, which is modified as they develop as children. Cyril Levicki had illustrated this point by some evidence. He said from 1960 to 1990, the leadership training and development in business schools in USA and UK increased dramatically, but there were no signs of the same increase in the national growth rates of business and corporations. While in Japan and Germany, where there were not so many business schools, had continuous growth in national economy and corporations. Cyril concluded that the training of leadership showed no significant influence on the growth of leaders. Although this argument is just generalized according to the national context, not individual, it can somehow reflect that not all the people taking the course of leadership in business schools can be leaders. The potential leader was born with some special characteristics, which can be nurtured during his/her whole life. Without those characteristics, the person has nothing to be developed to be a leader. So not all those potential leaders can be leaders, but all l eaders are given the genetic talents where they were born. Examples of leaders are born I think a good example of leaders are born, not made is Jack Ma, the CEO of Alibaba.com Corporation. He was a really born leader. He got the Bachelor degree of English and never received any management education before he set up his company. When he graduated, he became an English teacher. He went to USA one time, and found that the online trade was highly developed in US. Then he made up his mind to do this kind of business, even although he had never got into internet before. Now he is the most famous business leader in China. He runs one of the worlds biggest B2B online marketplaces and becomes one of the worlds 100 most influential people in the Time Magazine in 2009. He is such an effective business leader that his consumer-auction website -Taobao.com defeated eBay which shut down its site in China in 2006. He has not received any education of leadership, but he can lead approximately 5000 employees and get success. What he has got are his courage, confidence persistence and act ive mind, which cannot be trained. But his further success cannot only attribute to his given characters, but also to his working experience and the management education he gets in recent years. Some leaders dont have concentration on classroom and some want to begin their career as soon as possible in stead of staying at university, just like that Bill Gates quit of the University of Harvard. This is determined by his innate traits. He just could not wait to do what he wanted to do and to stick to the business that he thought would make a big different to himself, even to the world. And finally he made it. In a Food Manufacture HR Forum (Green Rebecca), HR experts from different companies gathered to discuss whether leaders are born or nurtured and how they justify the investment to the board. Most of them agreed that leaders were born not made. The HR manager in Kerry Ingredients said that leaders cannot be trained, what you can do is to provide the culture to allow them to develop by themselves. But I dont quite agree with what he said later you cannot train competence, vision and drive. Clearly, competence can be trained, for example, the management skills and technical knowledge. The vision of a person can be broadened with the accumulation of his/her experience, especially the time during a crisis in the workplace. Summary All those leaders were born with special talents, which formed the foundation of their future leadership characters. Those talents become more and more obvious and sound when the person grows up. Those traits play a significant role when the person tries to become a leader in the future. But it does mean that relying only on the innate talented traits one can become a leader. He/she also needs to get training and development in the classroom and school, and accumulate experience in the workplace. The next section will talk about this. Development of leadership skills Scott M. Reithel, and David M. Finch pointed out that: The very idea of developing leaders suggests there are existing skills and abilities to be developed. It is the right mix of traits, skills, experience and the organizational environment that makes great leaders. They admitted that innate traits were essential for the better and further development of leadership, but the technical knowledge were acquired through school, university, experience and other sources. Some of the innate traits could not be changed, but might be able to be improved through training and development. Reithel and Finch had given an example that an introvert could not be changed into an extrovert, but the introvert could be trained to get along well with peers. The needs for nurture of leadership There are some interesting nurture-influencing factors concluded by Cyril Levicki: being the eldest child in the family and having a father who achieved high levels of success. That is because the family factor might exert great influence on the development of the person, especially during his/her childhood. The treatment and education from parents would have impacts in different aspects. The child would learn from and follow his/her parents. A father who achieves great success usually wants his child to follow his steps and carry on the business. He would do what he can do to nurture his child, especially the eldest boy. The effective leadership needs rich experience. Dov Frohmans experience as a leader of Inter Israel in crisis is a very good example. During the Gulf War, Dov had to make a hard decision which was whether to close the operation of Intel or to keep Intel open. The government had warned that Iraqi missiles which might carry chemical weapons would fall in Israel. It would be easy close the business, just like other companies, and the senior executives would not blame Dov on this issue. Dov had a belief that a leader should ensure the survival of the organization. If he closed the business, that meant he agreed that Israel was not suitable for investment. So he finally decided to keep Intel open. In the first day of the war, most of the Intel employees attended the operation. Because of their continuous working during the six weeks of war, the Israel Intel won a great reputation which allowed Israel Intel to be the largest private employer and the mainstay of high-tech economy (Frohman D .). Just as Dov said, My experience in the Gulf War taught me a lot about responding to crisis situations. He had accumulated rich experience during the Gulf War. Dov concluded three big rules for the leader during a crisis -focus on long-term survival, go against the current and trust your instinct. I do think that Dovs instinct, belief and judgment were not born, but gradually formed with the increase of experience. Types of leadership Leadership can be developed. There are several types of leadership. Each of them has advantages and disadvantages. Firstly, I will talk about the charismatic leadership. A charismatic leader is able to let workers to listen to his, follow his order and complete tasks as soon as possible. He seems to be glamorous and respectful to all the employees. However, the bad thing is that he might sometimes persuade workers to do some of his bad plans. And creative workers might stop thinking of their own plans but to follow the leaders policy. Charisma is superficial, which can be felt by employees through the leaders clothing, manner of speech, and behaviour. All of these can be developed. Clothing can be brought in the famous branded shops. Good manner of speech can be practiced over and over again. Polite and suitable behaviour can be learnt through classes or from other people. Second is the intelligence of leaders. Take the example of Jack Ma again. Jack Ma was born with special characteristics which potentially enabled him to become a good leader. But if he didnt learn the knowledge of internet and business, if he didnt go to USA to contact the on-line business, he cannot manage to success. After he found the Alibaba.com Corporation, he never stops learning both professional PC skills and management. Bill Gates has got great innate traits, but he was not born to know how to create Windows. He came out of beginning his career in the field of PC after years of learning and experience. So the intelligence should be developed. Development of leadership abilities Defining the task is a major ability that a leader should possess. As a leader, you cannot do everything all by yourself. You mush define the task and arrange people to complete the task together with the least turnover. However, task is a general meaning, so it has to be specified into objectives, aims and purpose (Adair, J.). The leader should always be clear about the task and be able to answer all those questions relating to it. In addition, the leader should also be good at communication. The leader does not have to talk fluently and endlessly. What the leader has said should be brief, simple, yet effective. This kind of simple activity also needs to be developed. When leading a team, the leader should formulate the plan after define the objects they are going to achieve. So planning is the second ability that a leader should develop. In order to make a good plan, we should keep five W and one H in our mind: When, What, Why, Who, Where and How. Those six factors are the essential components of a plan. The leader should also prepare for both plan A and plan B, even plan C. When emergency happens, the team and the company can have alternatives to choose. So making the contingency plan is crucial for a leader. The third important ability might be the use of control. Here the control from leaders is not the completely dominant control that a leader uses his/her power to force every employee to follow his/her plan which sometimes might be wrong. And the type of control differs from different companies. In the company consisted of mainly professionals, as I mentioned in the form section, the leader should not have complete control of them, who need support and protection (Mintzberg). But in this case, the leader should not be absolute powerless, and he/she needs to balance the power of control. Another thing is that the leader should learn to be self-controlling. If the leader cannot control himself/herself, how can he/she controls others? The ability of organising needs development. A leader should not only organise his/her own work, but also the business of the organisation. Organising is to arrange different parts into a right order. The leaders priority is to organise the company well and lead his/her team in a right direction. Also, the leader needs to organise his/her own time, thinking about the future. Organising the time can gradually becomes a very good habit of leadership. There are still many other abilities that need to be developed, such as motivating and evaluating (Adair, J.). The development of leadership skills is really a long-term plan, which needs the persistent endeavour from both the potential leaders and the company. Implications for management development Most companies, especially those large corporations, have to prepare leaders for their future needs. When there is a vacancy, someone is able to take the job. Due to the importance of nature (innate traits) and nurture (leadership development), organisations should create certain conditions for the potential leaders. Just like a plant need light, warmth and water, a leader needs fruitful source (Adair, J.). Selection Not everyone can become a good leader, so the selection of the right people for the leadership and management development is very important. How to get to know whether the person has the potential to become a leader or not? Scott Reithel, and David Finch suggested that 360-degree feedback technique can be used. 360-degree feedback is an efficient tool, with which feedbacks gathered from superior, colleagues, subordinate and customers can be analyzed. From the feedbacks, the persons work, communication and leadership skills can be judged. And this tool can also improve the persons self-awareness, because he/she must do his/her best to prove his/her ability. Some people might say that 360-degree feedback would cost plenty of time and money, but I think the wrong choice of the potential leaders might lead to more waste of time and money. However, there is another opinion about the selection for management development. In the HR forum mentioned in the former section, Blackburn argued that the selection should not only focus on the successful employees, but also concentrate on those struggling workers, who might make big impacts on the company as well. Matthews had made a very good description, Like a gardener, you nurture all the plants but weed out the ones that wont grow. Her point of view was to nurture most of the employees, and wash out some who are thought to be unqualified to become leaders during the management development. Training for leadership A leader cannot effectively manage the complex organizational business without possessing enough technical skills, knowledge and savvy (Scott M. Reithel, and David M. Finch). Those skills and knowledge are acquired through training and experience. What the company can provide directly is the training, in terms of training them internally or sponsoring them to go to business school or both of the two. The company can also provide the experience indirectly by letting those people working in the workplace. For example, many companies send their managers to Action-Centred Leadership course or run this kind of course inside the company (Adair, J.). The most difficult question might be the investment and return. The investment on leadership development is a long term project. It is not like the retail and manufacture that you can see the benefits in a short time after the investment. So the managers, especially HR managers, should be cautious when taking the leadership development plan. HR managers should take the responsibility of making good use the money invested in the plan. To be a leader requires a spirit of life-long learning. There is an old saying in China, one is never too old to learn. On the whole, the development of human society is getting faster. If the leaders do not enrich themselves with knowledge all the time, they might be washed out of their role as leaders, and somebody else will take their positions. Being a leader does not mean that one person does not need to learn anymore. Instead, he/she should learn continuously. So no matter the senior managers or leaders in the company, they should be arranged to receive the training and development regularly. Strategy of leadership development The leadership development is a long-term plan, so the organisation should formulate a specific policy which might be amended with the change of industry environment. Leadership development should be seen as an important activity in management. Most of the sections in the organisation will take part in the plan. Line manager, for example, can be the leadership mentor, who will inform the future leaders during the training program. So the company should formulate a career management development policy for leaders. The leader should have the experience of the business in company as a whole. A specialized sales manager cannot be the general managing director, just because he has no ideas about the finance or manufacture of the company, so that he cannot make decisions relating to these. He cannot see the company as a whole, because he is just a professional in sales. This example can also be seen on the financial manager. That is why the company needs the long-term policy. John Adair has used an example to illustrate this opinion: in a bottling company, a managing director had moved his finance director to the sector of marketing and distribution. He said that the finance director did a very good job in financial sector, but lack of experience in other sectors. He needed to learn from the different sector and other people, such as line managers. Most organisations would train more leaders that they really need, so some of them might go to other companies. Why we should train leaders for other companies? Some managers might complain. Indeed, training one leader could cost a lot of money and time, let alone training more leaders. Most of the successful business leaders, including those senior managers, had worked for more that one company. From another angle, just as Adair said, the training of more leaders would benefit the industry as a whole. Conclusion Leadership is nature or nurture? The answer is both. Without the innate traits, one has no raw material to develop. And an extraordinarily talented person would know nothing if he does receive any education or training. Both of nature and nurture are important for one to become a leader. Since we cannot change our nature, we should make good use of nurture. The development of leadership skills requires the endeavours from both individuals and companies. Individual should firstly be the right person to become a leader, and then begin to work hard for it. The company should formulate the long term plan for the leadership development and then provide a good culture for the training of leadership skills. Managers should be cautious when implement the plan of leadership development, ranging from selection and training, because they have to make full use of the investment. Every leader has the remarkable innate traits, but not everyone who has those traits can become a leader. To some extent, the determinant is the management development.

How to Research Your Family Tree :: Free Expository Process Essays

How to Research Your Family tree Do you ever wonder who your ancestors were? Do you ever wonder if you're related to anyone famous in history? I would guess that at some point you have pondered these questions. I know that I have. But how do you find out who your ancestors were and what they were like? Genealogy is the study of your ancestors and their descendants. In the last few years I havebecome very interested in genealogy and want to start researching my family history. With very limited experience in the field, where would I start? I figured that I could get at least some information from the Internet, so that is where I went. My home page on the Internet is through ALL so I started with its web page (www.aol.com). On the web page is a direct link to genealogy areas of ALL and links to other sites on the web. On ALL sites, Genealogy Community Center, you can search for surnames by home pages that are linked to ALL. Of course, you can just about imagine that with all the surnames out there this might be a difficulty task. It's not, if you know what you are looking for. Of all the web sites, I visited every one said work backwards from what you know to what you don't know. I started with the farthest point I could remember. I began by searching for the surname "Walker." There are thousand of links to "Walker" families, so I chose a few that looked promising. I went to http://voyager.dvc.edu/~bmckinney/www.sisna.com/users/ryoung/walker/wgaf22.html. This site has an extensive history on Walker families. Names, birth dates, and death dates are all part of the information that is provided. The hardest part of ge nealogy is matching names to names and birth dates to birth dates to get accurate information. If you locate that information, it can lead you to people you didn't know about. But the challenge is getting through the thousands of names that come up. I decided that I really needed to narrow my search so I tried a different web site that could help me. I went to Ancestry.com (http://voyager.dvc.edu/~bmckinney/www.ancestry.com). This web site offers searches of large databases such as the Social Security Death Index. The web site is not entirely free. You can use several of the databases to get information you may need but to use the large databases like birth records, death records, and obituaries you have to be a member of the web site.

At the time of McCarthyism, Arthur Miller had a close friend who had :: English Literature

At the time of McCarthyism, Arthur Miller had a close friend who had been accused and was willing to name THE CRUCIBLE In 1692, puritan Massachusetts was a difficult place to live. The Puritans were people who had left England to live a pure and holy life in America. They obeyed the laws of the bible and were a very superstitious group of people. They believed that any behaviour that opposed the bible, even the tiniest thing, was of the devil and his witches. In 1950’s America there was a Senator called Joseph McCarthy who led the Un-American Activities committee. This meant that he was in charge of ridding the continent of anything that was deemed Un-American. It had not been long since the Second World War and all Americans were very paranoid about the rise of communism in some of the eastern European countries. Joseph McCarthy was not at all interested in putting people in jail but ‘naming names’- he wanted to know the names of those who were involved in communism. This process was soon to be known as McCarthyism. At the time of McCarthyism, Arthur Miller had a close friend who had been accused and was willing to ‘name names’- Miller was angry and began to write the crucible. The crucible is known as what is called an Allegory. This means that it is written to subliminally show something about one thing when it is being described as another. The crucible describes the Salem which trials in 1692 but is meant to show the complete similarities between it and 1950’s McCarthyism. Two of the main characters in The Crucible are John and Elizabeth Proctor. We learn at the beginning of the play that John and Elizabeth have a very difficult marriage. There is growth in the mistrust between them as we grow to learn that John has had an affair with the reverend’s niece: Abigail. After numerous events John and Elizabeth are sent to prison on the charges of witchcraft. Near the end of the play they meet for one last time to discuss their course of action. Faced with a difficult decision, John must choose between life and truth. This decision is difficult because he wishes to live and see his children grow up but he dare not lie about committing a crime he is not guilty of. He will do only what his wife wishes. But what is her wish? When her and John first meet in the prison she says to him â€Å"The children are well. Rebecca Samuels keeps them† she says this with the intent that John will feel a loss on the behalf of his children.

Ashurnasirpal Ii

Unit One Assignment: Ashurnasirpal II I have entered into the palace of the great Ashurnasirpal II, and am approaching the throne room to await my meeting with the king. In front of me are two Lamassu figures that guard the entrance, Colossal statue of a winged lion from the North-West Palace of Ashurnasirpal II (Fig. 1). I am immediately in awe of the sheer size of this pair of sculptures, they each stand over ten feet tall, towering over individuals who would like to enter the throne room. The pair is enormous and intimidating as they are approached. When I first advance I see this combination of man, lion, and bird frontally.I notice the proud lion’s chest and huge paws. These elements show the strength of the beast and are representative of the power of Ashurnasirpal II and his empire. The body of the lion is adorned with the face of a man, which signifies the intelligence that the kingdom possesses. The face wears the traditional beard of the king, and the traditional hor ned crown indicating the divinity of the king. Associating the king and his domain with the all-powerful gods, shows the connection with absolute power of the divine with the total power of the empire (Reade).Making my way around to the profile view of the statue I continue to see the massive body of the lion, and now see the beautiful feathered wing. The intricate details and pattern of the wing are impressive. The wings represent the swiftness of the ruler (Reade). From the side I see all four legs of the lion, the artist uses the idea of most informative viewpoint, to give an accurate view of the most important aspects of the creature from every angle. From the side the lion appears to be striding forward, perhaps symbolizing aggressiveness (Hedin).The proportions of the elements from each animal are not true to scale. The overall size of the piece is much larger than the animals and human depicted. The wings are much larger than that of any bird, the body larger than any lion, a nd the human head far bigger than any human. What is interesting is the proportion of these elements as they relate to each other. They are of equal importance, the wing is just as large as the body of the lion, and the human head is just as tall as the height of the torso.This shows the equal importance of strength, intellect, and swiftness to the power of the king. This piece focuses on the importance of human and animal anatomy, and shows how advanced artistically this society has become (Atac). There is elaborate attention to detail in the hairs of the beard. This same detailed carving is replicated in the intricate feathers of the wing. The repetition emphasizes the importance of the bearded king figure. Visually I am drawn to the elaborate design in these elements on such a massive statue.The cuneiform shows that this culture is educated and values literacy enough to include it within its art. The engraved writings record ideas about Ashurnasirpal II and are possibly meant to immortalize him within this permanent art piece. As I enter the throne room, I notice an interesting relief located directly behind the throne of Ashurnasirpal II, Stone relief from the throne room of Ashurnasirpal (Fig. 2). This piece is clearly important in depicting elements about the king, because it is so prominently displayed.The throne room is the area of the palace where the king addresses the public and this room would often hold audiences of people who have come to see the king (Cohen). I find it very interesting that Ashurnasirpal II is as tall as the entire relief itself, but the god figure that is shown is much smaller in comparison to each of the king. The Assyrian empire does not require the people that they conquer to convert to their religion, but most certainly require their new subjects to pledge allegiance to Ashurnasirpal II (Mackenzie).Perhaps the larger scale of the king represent which loyalty is more important. The symmetry in this piece is very important. D irectly in the middle is situated a date palm tree which is the lifeblood of this culture (Hedin). On either side of the plant Ashurnasirpal II is shown, in fact, each figure appears twice in this relief. This repetition further emphasizes his importance, but also shows a sort of dichotomy and balance in his power. Each figure is shown from most informative view point.Both images of the king, I see his legs in profile, but his upper body is turned to show both shoulders completely and the actions of each arm. On the right side the king is holding a mace, which I recognize as a weapon with a heavy top that could be used to beat enemies. The gestures of each version of Ashurnasirpal II seem extremely important. The figure on the left side is motioning towards the tree, and associating the king with the abundance of the land. As if it is the king who has brought great prosperity to this civilization (Reade).This theme seems to be repeated with the winged protector figures standing behi nd each representation of Ashurnasirpal II. These figures are ritualistically blessing the king, and reiterating his intense connection with the gods. This relief seems to be stressing that all that is good in the Assyrian empire is because of Ashurnasirpal II himself and that the gods have provided this righteous ruler for the people (Reade). I make my way out the throne room, towards the temple of Ishtar Sharrat-niphi. Here I can see a life sized statue of Ashurnasirpal II, Statue of Ashurnasirpal II (Fig. ). The statue is in the goddess Ishtar’s temple to remind her of the piety of the king. I notice that there are no protruding appendages or any outreaching elements of this statue, but that it is one solid mass of magnesite (Reade). The solid appearance of this portrait symbolizes the secure and stable king and empire. The complex pattern on the beard of the king points out the importance of the beard. The beard clearly symbolizes masculinity, but perhaps it also implies wisdom and power. The size of the beard on this statue is very large in comparison to the rest of the face.It is geometric and structured, but with beautiful ornate detailing. Ashurnasirpal II is shown with the sickle in his right hand, and with the mace in his left hand. The arms are not symmetrical in form, but the rest of the statue’s shape is. The sickle is the weapon that in mythology, the gods used to fight monsters. The mace is shown again, similarly to the depiction of him in the relief, as a weapon that represents authority. Both objects have divine association, which echoes the god like authority that Ashurnasirpal II has over the empire.I find it interesting that he is lifting his arm that holds the mace, perhaps as though he is about to actively us this weapon. Again I see cuneiform used in the art of this culture. Across the chest of the statue of the king, there are etchings that announce the accomplishments of the king as well as his genealogy (Reade). Included in these writings are the recent invasions of surrounding villages. This is clearly just another way to intimidate and boast about not only the power of the Assyrian empire, but the power of Ashurnasirpal II himself.All of the statues and reliefs that I have observed throughout the royal palace seem to reaffirm the importance and power of Ashurnasirpal II. Many of these works were created â€Å"by the initiate for the initiate† (Atac). The content was intended for the audience who would see it in its original form, all of the pieced mentioned have a similar purple. It would be very difficult to not understand the message that the king is sending with all of the decoration. That the king is of divine power and possess the greatest influence over all of the land of Assyria.

Black Slave Owners in the South Essay

As with the accounts by Nichols (1863), when people think of the slavery period in American history, it is normally assumed that the slave owner was white and the slave black. This was true in many cases but the number of free black slave owners was actually higher than most people realize. Black slave owner usually treated family members and friends much better than the other slaves they might own. But even being a family member did not raise the slave above being a commodity. According to Lightner and Ragan (2005), even the black slave owners could not free their slaves so even the ones who purchased family members had to list them as slave purchase. For example, a husband who was born or had managed to become free might buy his wife from the white person who owned her. The husband would thereafter possess his spouse as a slave, not because he wished to keep her in bondage but because the laws of the slave states often made manumission difficult or impossible. Slaves were an investment to their owners and this included the owners who were black themselves. Slavery was inhuman and oppressive but only when it affected a loved one, otherwise, it was a profitable endeavor. According to the 1830 census, roughly 65% of black slave owners bought the slaves for financial reasons with only 8% buying strictly family members and close friends to ensure good treatment and better lives. The 1830 census also named the number of slaves owned by blacks as 10,000 in 4 different states. In 1811, a free black woman named Philis Wells received a $900 loan from Peter Desportes, She got the loan by using her black slave, Mark, as collateral. This was not an uncommon practice. Many black slave owners put up slaves against loans they requested. Mulattos were considered the â€Å"black elite† because of their light complexion and meshed with the whites as much as possible. Treating a slave as anything but a slave would mark you as unworthy to mix with the whites or to enjoy the finer privileges society offered. According to Koger (1985)many other free blacks purchased slaves to use as apprentices for their trade. Moses Brown purchased a young boy for around $300. Moses was a barber by trade and trained the boy to following his footsteps. By the next year, the boy was working as a full barber in Moses shop. Camilla Johnson was a free black pastry cook. She purchased a mulatto name Diana and with Diana’s light coloring, was able to use her as a server at the parties she catered. Freed blacks quickly found that purchasing slaves to train meant an increase in the profits of the business. As Johnson and Roark (1985) explain â€Å"†¦while the mulattos could mix more easily with white society without many questions, darker skinned free blacks had a harder time†. Richard Edward DeReef was one of the richest free black men in Charleston, SC. He owned real estate and had achieved a small fortune. Due to his dark complexion, however, he would have been shunned by the â€Å"black elite† except for his claim of Native American Indian blood. If one claimed Native American blood, many times the complexion was accepted as an indication of this lineage. This did not help the slaves to ascend their station but it was a large help to those free blacks who wished to be part of the mainstream society, accumulate wealth and maintain slaves of their own. In South Carolina in 1860, William Ellison was the largest black slave owner in the state. He had been born into slavery and once freed had begun to accumulate his own slaves. By 1960 he owned 63 slaves, not including the ones owned by his son. According to Grooms (1997) â€Å"Ellison’s major source of income came from his being a â€Å"slave breeder†. Slave breeding was looked upon with disgust and the laws of most southern states forbad the sale of slaves under the age of twelve†, but Ellis made a fortune selling slaves of all ages including babies. Grooms (1997) also states that the majority of black slave owners raised sugar cane and lived in Louisiana. There were a few black slave owners who owned sugar cane plantations. C. Richards and her son P. C. Richards were black slave owners who had 152 slaves working the sugar cane plantation they owned. A large majority of black slave owners were female. This was due to the fact that more female slaves were set free than males. History has shown us that a race enslaving its own people has gone on throughout history, but black slave owners are virtually unheard of in the common histories. Questions for Discussion †¢ Why would someone who had been a former slave and was well aware of the conditions slaves endured justify owning slaves themselves? †¢ Why were the majority of freed slaves’ women? †¢ Why were black slave owners overlooked throughout much of the history of the slave period? References Grooms, R. 1997 Dixie’s Censored Subject: Black Slaveowners, Retrieved January 23, 2007 From the Barnes Review. Website: http://www. americancivilwar. com/authors/black_slaveowner. htm Johnson, M and Roark, J 1985 Black Masters: A Free Family of Color in the Old South New York, NY: W. W. Norton & Company,Inc. Koger, L. 1985 Black Slaveowners: Free Black Slave Masters in South Carolina, 1790-1860. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Company Lightner, D. L. , & Ragan, A. M. (2005). Were African American Slaveholders Benevolent or Exploitative? A Quantitative Approach. Journal of Southern History Nichols, C. H. (1963). Many Thousand Gone: The Ex-Slaves’ Account of Their Bondage and Freedom. Leiden: E. J. Brill.

Online learning Essay

Online learning tools are of great utility; they are widely used in learning practice. Market offers a variety of solutions that differ in their level of sophistication and functions offered. The purpose of this paper is to discuss three available solutions and model their utilization in learning process, namely FlexTaining, Rollbook, and Moodle. The FlexTraining Total e-Learning Solution by National Training Systems is effective software for e-learning management. Since online education is becoming increasingly more common and popular, e-learning management solutions have gradually started to gain greater relevance. The software is utile and user-friendly, therefore it can be effectively used during the online learning phase. It provides for a possibility to incorporate various file formats, including Video, PowerPoint, Flash, and PDF; it can be used to crate a truly multimedia environment. The solution has won recognition from leading educational institutions, major multinational companies, and governmental agencies alike. The software is powering e-learning for Duke University, Stanford University, Microsoft, Phillips, U. S. Department of Labor, U. S. Department of Air Force, and a host of other institutions and organizations. The tools offered by the FlexTraining Total e-Learning Solution include Visual Course Builder (allows creating classes), Assessment Tool (allows creating online tests), FlexAuthoring (allows developing course content), and Reporting and Analysis (allows tracking students’ performance). While most of the functions offered by the FlexTraining are available in other software solutions, its unique feature and most useful tool is, in my opinion, FlexAuthoring. It offers template-based authoring for creating lesson plans and course content. It is an invaluable tool for inexperienced teachers who need guidance in structuring their material. Another powerful feature of the FlexTraining is pre- and post-assessment. It is useful as a monitoring tool that enables teachers to determine whether training needs have been fulfilled. It can further become the basis for teachers’ self-assessment and continuous improvement. Availability of interactive exercises is also a useful feature of the FlexTraining. It compensates for lack of face-to-face contact with a teacher; lack of such contact is often cited as one of the biggest disadvantages of distance education. In addition, the software offers opportunities for self-paced training, thus being accommodating students’ preferences for instructor-led or individual learning. Searchable document libraries make navigation easier both for teachers and students. All these functions can be of enormous use during the online learning phase and are enabling for students in their work in online environment. Rollbook by Intellum is usually used for corporate training, yet it has a number of unique features that can be of great utility in classroom settings. This software solution is rather simple as compared with other programs available on the market. Its unique features include a calendar (a personal schedule of events and authorized sessions), a branching group structure (a structure that allows forming smaller subgroups within large groups and customizing functions such as reports or mailing lists for these smaller groups), learning paths (a function that groups relevant courses into learning tracks) and design of course certificates. An alterative to the proprietary FlexTraining and Rollbook is the open source solution called Moodle. It offers most of the functions FlexTraining and Rollbook have (such as chat, forum, polls, assignments, quizzes, etc. ), yet it has several advantages. The strength of all open source technologies, apart from the apparent cost cutting, is the ability of different software developers to continuously improve and update solutions. Moodle’s focus is on interaction between teacher and students and especially among students. For instance, similar courses can be grouped together as a meta course, allowing students fro different yet related course to interact with each other. Moddle is also better suited to accommodate multimedia: students can upload multiple files in any format as one assignment (for instance, if a research project consists of a text file, several images, and a video, this function is very handy). All the aforementioned resources enable students to use the Internet in an ethical, legal, and educational way. All these software packages, by virtue of their functional orientation, are empowering tools, since e-learning makes education more available and affordable for all. Their focus on continuous education is another significant advantage of online learning method. The FlexTraining software also allows teachers to check for plagiarism. All the documents uploaded to the system by students can be compared with Internet sources, sources from the Document Library, and previous works submitted by the same student or other students. This function gives teacher an opportunity to detect plagiarism immediately and take appropriate administrative action. Plagiarism is one of the most widespread and harmful examples of dishonest academic practices. Although this phenomenon is condemned by all educational institutions, plagiarism still pervades many spheres of education. Therefore, it is of paramount importance to ensure that student’s academic essays and papers are original. A student who engages in plagiarism deprives him/herself of the opportunity to benefit fully from the education s/he is undertaking. Since every assignment is designed in order to help students to gain deeper knowledge of a certain subject, evading independent research and analysis hinders the continuity and integrity of the education process. Copying the ideas of other people without proper acknowledgement is a practice that all teachers should try to eliminate completely. This is possible to do only with special software. Helping students to understand and avoid plagiarism is the key to introducing them to Internet use following the principles of ethical, legal, and educational approaches. As concerns Moodle, its open source philosophy is the software’s added value: together with better quality, it makes students reflect on the differences between proprietary and open source programs. Such a critical reflection on the role of the Internet in challenging the fundamentals of capitalism and empowering creative commons might make students more aware of the problems of Internet governance and ethical use of this powerful tool for the benefits of all and not only privileged few. Rollbook and Moodle have a closer focus on individual and peer-to-peer learning, as opposed to the FlexTraining’s focus on instruction-led teaching and strict progress monitoring. Thus, Rollbook and Moodle are better suited to educate students about Internet’s ability to offer innumerable opportunities for individual and collective learning. References Intellum, Inc. (2008). ‘Hosted Learning Management System. ’ Retrieved July 4, 2008, ffrom http://www. intellum. com/web2006/hosted_lms National Training Systems. (2008). ‘FlexTraining Total E-Learning Software Solution. ’ Retrieved July 3, 2008, from http://www. flextraining. com N/a. (N/d). ‘Moodle. ’ Retrieved July 3, 2008, from http://moodle. org

Course Notes

Can organic farmers produce enough food to feed the world? Discuss this question commenting on the place of organic farming in sustainable food systems In order for organic farming to produce enough food for the world In a sustainable system, Limiting factors to production In the organic system need to be overcome. Through yields outputs to primarily disease control and fertilizers, this method of farming could solve global hunger and world starvation, giving us aOn the other hand, conventional agricultural production systems are not necessarily sustainable-perhaps we need a compromise. Continual cropping and grazing, together with over use of herbicides, Insecticides and fertilizers are Inarguably damaging to the environment and the web of life. There has often been a proposal that Northern Australia could become the food bowl of Australia. The argument against this Is often that disease and pest control In the Northern climates is a major Limiting factor to production.Extrapolating this to a world situation, I don't believe organic farming on a world scale could achieve the production levels required to feed the escalating population. Without conventional inputs, which are not always organically friendly, I cannot see adequate production to feed the world. Perhaps in to the future this can be achieved. As dad just pointed out-in the North of Australia, and this would be in other matching arid countries of the world, animal production, is relatively easily to be organically certified because they don't need to use drench, fertilizers etc-only some feed supplements which could be organic.The problem areas are the more tropical areas where disease and pest control are more difficult in an organic plant production system. -produce food of optimum quality and quantity using sustainable farming practices -produced in over 130 countries -represent fastest growing food sector worldwide -market analyst forecast annual growth rates between 10-30% around the world -basi s is -healthy, biologically active soil -enhance and maintain Course Notes The focus of Case 4 is how poor communication can effect an organization. Communication is essential to the survival of any organization. A lack of effective communication will result in little to no coordination and cooperation, resulting in decreased performance. In assessing Strayhorn’s communication effectiveness, one can see the negative impacts EI experienced because of his approach. Two of the biggest factors dampened by his style were morale and productivity. In addition, failure to address rumors circulating in the grapevine increased anxiety, stress, and crises among employees.With EI’s contract with Ocean Point coming to an end, the big question for EI employees was whether or not the contract would be renewed. Mr. Strayhorn failed to directly address the situation. It seems as though Strayhorn was more concerned with saving-face than the needs of his employees. One can then reason employees developed mistrust in management because of their lack of informatio n. This in turn caused many employees to develop personal barriers in the form of psychological distance. The lack of proper open and downward communication led employees to utilize the grapevine.From the case, one can easily see the grapevine was a product of the situation EI faced. One can also reason the desire for information and insecurity were additional factors that encouraged employees to become part of the grapevine. Unfortunately in this case rumors began to circulate through the grapevine. Since each employee possessed interest and ambiguity with the situation, it is easy to see why rumors formed. Consequently the accepted rumor was Ocean Point would not renew EI’s contract and EI employees would not be eligible for hire with Ocean Point.Although this was not factual, the rumor caused dramatic increases in stress, anxiety, and crises among EI employees. In addition, Strayhorn failed to recognize how the rumors would affect organizational culture. The uncertainty in the situation caused the organizational culture to become unstable. Since the causes of the rumors were not removed, Strayhorn should have addressed employees with a face-to-face to attempt to control the rumors. However, Strayhorn’s lack of action suggests he had little concern with restoring social equilibrium.By failing to effectively communicate, provide insufficient information, control rumors, and restore social equilibrium, Strayhorn caused employee morale and productivity to dramatically decrease. Evidence of these dysfunctional effects can be seen through the fact that potential sales were reaching their peak while actual sales were declining. If Strayhorn would have openly communicated EI’s problems and disclosed management’s efforts to get the contract renewed, he would have also conveyed his concern for employee needs.The employees would have most likely responded positively because the elements of trust would still be present. However, as this was not the case Strayhorn should have realized EI’s environment had changed and adapted his results-oriented approach accordingly. In this situation the system model would have been appropriate for a few reasons. First the basis of the system model is trust and community. Although failing to communicate developed mistrust, by showing sincere care and compassion for each employee Strayhorn could have reestablished trust.Secondly, this model could have allowed positive organizational behavior to grow, which would in turn have boosted morale. In conjunction with the system model, Strayhorn could have strived to achieve a fun work environment to aide in combating the stress stemming from uncertainty. By combining these methods and theories, EI could have increased actual sales and its chances of contract renewal. However, because of their lack of profitability Ocean Point may now be unwilling to do so.

List questions Case Studies Essay

Overview and Objectives: The case traces the path taken by an overseas operation from low cost manufacturing to higher value-added activities such as R&D. It asks students to consider the factors driving the evolution and this timing and circumstances that would make it successful. It creates the opportunity to discuss the tensions of designing for marketing vs. designing for manufacturing, the challenges of product development in a cross cultural setting, and the reasons why localized R&D may be successful. vs. adaptation, and the structures and systems built to manage that tension. The case also helps to the diagnosis of the causes of failure of a new product development project, and the sources of challenges of a cross-cultural context. Finally, the case enables students to discuss the â€Å"local for local† strategy. Suggested Questions: 1. What capabilities and resources does a company need to develop new products? 2. Which of these capabilities and resources foes Bella Healthcare India have? 3. Why did Project Baton fail? 4. Should Bella Healthcare India take on project TKO and develop an EKG specifically for the local market? Coloplast 10 years of global operations Ivey 2011 # W12101 STRAT MAGT – Internationalization and offshoring activities; matrix structure UD: 12/12/2012 Overview and Objectives: The case examines the organizational and managerial challenges involved in offshoring and internationalizing substantial portions of firms’ organizational activities to foreign countries. Students will need to consider the learning journey Coloplast underwent in this process, from managing the reconfiguration to the implementation of a new and complex design. They have to understand the features and challenges of the matrix form as the organizational structure used by Coloplast. The case covers three topics: offshoring and international business; international corporate strategy; organizational design and learning. Suggested Questions: 1. What are the strategic challenges of reconfiguring a company like Coloplast in which it transforms from a company with only domestically located activities to have offshored most of its production to a number of foreign locations? 2. Discuss the problematic introduction of the matrix structure. Why can matrix structures be problematic in large organizations? What could have made the matrix structure more successful? 3. The case illustrates how Coloplast reconfigured its organization from being only domestically located to become truly multinational. What are the organizational consequences of reconfiguring the company on a global scale? 4. Coloplast went through an extensive learning journey since the decision to offshore production facilities. Which key learning points were achieved, and how can the company ensure that this knowledge is embedded in future strategic considerations? 5. Identify, describe, and discuss the competitive environment and market characteristics if the ind ustry in which Coloplast belongs. Levendary Cafà ©: The China challenge 2011, HBS #4357 STRAT MAGT – Internationalization; expansion in China; standardization vs. adaptation; relationship HQ-subsidiary UD: 12/12/2012 Overview and Objectives: The case describes the establishment of Levendary Cafà ©Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s subsidiary in China and its evolving relationship with its parent company during the first two years of its existence. It focuses in particular on the decisions and actions of Louis Chen, the founding president of the subsidiary as he tries to establish relations in China and to negotiate its relationships with Headquarters in the USA. The case enables to examine the following topics: 1) the need for standardization and control vs. differentiation and flexibility; 2) the tension between strategic control and entrepreneurial flexibility; and 3) situational leadership, and leadership models. More precisely, it can be used to build an understanding of the roles and responsibilities of country subsidiary management and the corresponding changes in the nature of the headquarters-subsidiary relationship, including the control aspect. Students can also study the global strategic issue of operations of standardization vs. adaptation, and the structures and systems built to manage that tension. Suggested Questions: 1. What is your evaluation of the way Levendary Cafà © has entered the China market? 2. What changes (in any) should Mia Foster make? Specifically, what should she do about Louis Chen? And what changes (if any) would you propose at headquarters? 3. Prepare a specific action program for Foster to help her deal with the need for continued growth in China. What should be on the agenda for her meeting with Chen?

Employment Situation of the United States Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Employment Situation of the United States - Essay Example The highest duration of unemployment is 27 weeks and over. The number of people marginally attached to labor force has been increasing and on the other hand, the discouraged workers have decreased (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 7). In December the overall Nonfarm payroll employment increased by 200,000. Transportation and warehousing, manufacturing, healthcare, retail trade, and mining reported job gains. Overall weekly hours has reported a minute increase. Same is true for average hourly earnings and average weekly earnings. Diffusion index has also increased for both total private sector and manufacturing sector (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 8). There is a clear difference between the unemployment rate of the adults and teenagers. Adult women have the lowest unemployment rate, which is 7.9 % in December after an increase from 7.8 % in November. On the second number is the unemployment rate for the adult men, which is 8.0 in December after a decrease of 8.3 % in November. Teenagers hav e a highest unemployment rate, i.e. 23.1 % after a decrease from 23.7 % in November, as shown in table A-1 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 14). Similarly, according to the table A-2 and A-3 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 15-17), there is the difference in the unemployment rate of the whites, blacks, Asians, and Latinos are different. According to this data, the unemployment rate for Asians has increased to 6.8 % in December from 6.5 % in November (not adjusted seasonally) and is lowest among all other ethnic categories. After them comes the white people of the United States, the unemployment rate for this ethnic category has decreased from 7.6 % in November to 7.5 % in December. Second, the highest unemployment rate is of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, which has decreased to 11.0 % in December from 11.4 % in November.  

Is it Possible for a Teacher to be Accountable without Being Essay

Is it Possible for a Teacher to be Accountable without Being Responsible - Essay Example This very link has been described and elaborated in respect to the ability of the teacher to balance the both, in this report. TEACHER’S RESPONSIBILITY The responsibility associated with an instructor is more than any other profession, as every profession demand education set of skills, which are only achieved once the person has undergone studies from a capable teacher, responsible enough to know his role in this world. Furthermore, Hartley (2002, 255) points out that a cheap, one-size-fits-all 'standard' in teacher education may turn out to be ineffective with regard to the promotion of human resources and the competitiveness of the economy in general. The knowledge treasure requires creativity, team-work and self-execution; the teacher being handed complete freedom to built a set of self-assessments and parameters of responsibility. These are the salient features of the modern education policy model which are highly unlikely to be promoted. Furthermore, along with the deman d for educators to conceive added responsibility, this feat is not as easy as it sounds. Therefore, attributing responsibility to a teacher is not a fact that can be gauges like temperature or any other quantitative material (Young 1998, 62). TEACHER’S ACCOUNTABILITY EFFECTS Does accountability affect building or correcting the mechanisms of an education system? This question remains a core debate in the education circles. A different perspective looked into the effects brought upon by the accountability of an educator. The effects study shed light upon the accountability systems, so to create better policy mechanisms, which in turn create a better system and professional excellence (Darling-Hammond &Sykes, 1999) and/or a system that has a reward/punishment setup for the teachers (Odden, 2002). In the modern era, research has shifted its focus from school politics to the performance analysis of the educators and the system in which they thrive. A new angle on accountability e merged as the policy makers shifted their attention on to the special role of teachers as it was before the fancy technology teaching methods took over (Fuhrman, 1999). This new form of observation by the policy makers is an effort towards enhancing the accountability of the educators, while they try to work on the areas of vigilance, observation, performance and open test results, making the system transparent. Critics of this current system; lobby hard for the old system their prime argument being the non-influential relationship between the performance of the teacher and performance of the students and their test-scores. The hard-line example for this fact is the statistics of increased dropout rate since the application of the test-driven policies, specially affecting those students who stood on the borderline of passing and failing (Whitford & Jones, 2000). This in turn has smashed the teacher’s morale in general (McNeil, 2000) and made it a difficult environment for the m as their performance is judged majorly through the stats of students, which more often than not is not the true picture. ACCOUNTABILITY VERSUS RESPONSIBILITY Accountability devices show the importance of decentralizing responsibility of a teacher. National educational authorities have decentralized the responsibility for teaching quality to the school running agencies, which more often than not creates a local accountability system, hence placing more responsibility on the teacher’