Global Trade Imbalance Ensuring Proper Development of the Humanity

Global Trade Imbalance Ensuring Proper Development of the Humanity Recent financial crises and social turmoil in many countries suggest that the economic models used nowadays are inappropriate. Each country is struggling specific financial issues. However, it is important to remember that people have entered the era of global cooperation and integration and this means all the countries are affected by global trends.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Global Trade Imbalance: Ensuring Proper Development of the Humanity specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Financial constraints of one country transfer to the rest of the world. The situation is worsen by the fact that different states have different capacity and more developed countries often take advantage of less industrialized states. Thus, global trade imbalance can be regarded as one of the most burning issues to be solved in the nearest future. The present paper dwells upon this issue and contains a brief analysis of the most ef fective solution to the problem. In the first place, it is necessary to understand that global trade imbalance is a real issue which can have deteriorating effects on the development of all countries. Pettis (2013) claims that states used to have numerous financial constraints but the issues never expanded to other countries. Nonetheless, in the twenty-first century, countries’ economies have close ties and any financial imbalance within one country is quickly transferred to other states (Pettis, 2013). Developing countries are especially vulnerable to financial constraints. Admittedly, deteriorating economy is associated with crime and social instability. Recent revolutions and military conflicts can be regarded as illustrations of negative effects of economic issues. Cleary, to avoid military conflicts involving many countries, it is crucial to address the global trade imbalance. Adams and Park (2009) claim that the global imbalance has been increasing for the past two deca des and now the rate of the imbalance is rather alarming. To provide an effective solution to the problem, it is necessary to consider the roots of the issue and its nature. Rodrik (2011) notes that global trade imbalance is often associated with different groups’ interests. Historically, countries tried to gain more benefits for themselves while trading with other states. One of the brightest illustrations of such policy is the mercantilists’ view on the society’s development.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Thus, mercantilists thought it was effective to buy raw materials (or simply take them from colonies) and manufacture goods inside the country so that the domain could accumulate wealth (Rodrik, 2011). Admittedly, this approach cannot be applicable in the 21st century. Nonetheless, it is clear that countries pursue their national interests rather than try to focus on the good of all. This cause of the problem lies within the terrain of macroeconomic factors. Sinn, Buchen and Wollmershauser (2011, p. 47) state that the major reason for the present trade imbalance is bursting of â€Å"debt bubbles†. In other words, developed countries (e.g. the USA) have borrowed a lot to solve certain issues, but the GDP growth was much lower than it had been expected and the countries faced severe financial constraints when they had to pay back. Lane (2013) partially agrees with such a viewpoint and adds that the recent imbalance has not necessarily been caused by corrupted governments or banks. The author focuses on the crisis of 2008 and claims that banks as well as Americans thought the market would never fall. Nonetheless, this crisis transferred to the rest of the world and affected all countries, to different extent. This can be regarded as a microeconomic root of the present global trade imbalance. Clearly, the re are micro- and macroeconomic roots of the problem. Therefore, it is possible to note that stakeholders can also be found at the two levels. First, the major stakeholders are countries and international organizations, which are regulating bodies. Multinational businesses should also be regarded as a significant force, which can affect the global trade imbalance. At the same time, citizens of countries should be seen as stakeholders as citizens often affect their country’s policies.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Global Trade Imbalance: Ensuring Proper Development of the Humanity specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Admittedly, people have always struggled financial constraints in different countries. Nonetheless, the crises become more and more severe while more and more countries are involved. Potentially, this could have deteriorating effects on the development of humanity. It is possible to think o f numerous scenarios. One of these scenarios is a global war (trade war or a global military conflict). Another possible scenario is the increased gap between developed and developing countries. This imbalance can also result in numerous conflicts. Both scenarios are destructive and, hence, it is essential to diminish the global trade imbalance. It is possible to consider a number of solutions to come up with the most effective one. At this point, it is necessary to note that the WTO can play the central role in each of possible solutions. Thus, it can be tempting to employ the strategic theory. Governments can try to affect some interactions between multinationals which control this or that industry. The case of the US anti-dumping policies on shrimp from Viet Nam can be regarded as a good example of this approach. The US government restricted import of certain shrimp from Viet Nam (United States, 2011). The country tried to ensure domestic companies could get more profits. Admitte dly, the increased profitability of some US companies was achieved at the expense of losses of Vietnamese firms, in this case. The approach has certain benefits. First of all, it can affect global trade. Thus, if a country faces severe economic constraints other countries can affect certain multinationals to help the country cope with the issues. At present, the vast majority of industries and markets are controlled by huge companies. Remarkably, lots of countries have a big business which has certain influence on the global scale. Therefore, it is possible to reach certain balance by controlling huge companies. However, the major downside of the approach is that countries tend to pursue their national interests. Countries are likely to try to gain benefits at the expense of others. This drawback makes the approach absolutely ineffective even though it is possible to introduce certain controlling body to make countries ready to strive for the good of all. There was need for an inter national organization to regulate such relations long ago. The WTO is the contemporary international regulator. It was created in 1995 and it has tried to achieve global trade balance since then (World Trade Organization, 2009). For example, Viet Nam addressed the organization when the USA had started the anti-dumping policies.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Remarkably, the USA had to admit that the measures had been inconsistent with the country’s obligations in terms of the WTO participation. The conflict was solved but it took quite a lot of time and Viet Nam still lost a lot. Therefore, even in this particular case, the balance was not totally achieved. This suggests that the use of this approach will not be effective. Theory of hegemonic stability is another approach which can be exploited to diminish global trade imbalances. This approach consists in the hegemony of a country, which controls global trade. This approach could be effective, but it has a serious downside. First of all, it is necessary to state that the approach was in the twentieth century. The USA was the hegemony which set certain conventions and regulations (Gilpin, 2011). The country spread certain economic patterns as well as such concepts as democracy and liberalism. Admittedly, this approach has certain strengths. For instance, it ensures that there is one dominant agent controlling interactions of other agents. The dominant agent ensures order and has the entire picture to be able to achieve global trade balance. Remarkably, the dominant agent is the country with strong economy, which is exemplary for other countries. According to the theory of hegemonic stability, the dominant country is an inspirational leader and other countries are eager to follow it. This ensures compliance with regulations set. It seems that there is a win-win situation as one country dictates rules to achieve global trade balance while other states eagerly follow. Nonetheless, the approach has a serious downside as the dominant country often tends to pursue national interests and declines, sooner or later. Thus, Gilpin (2011) articulates the ideas that the hegemon often strives for the good of all when it is consistent with hegemon’s national interests, while the dominant state often tries to achieve certain goals at the expense of other countries. Admittedly, to diminish such negative effects, it is possible to create an organization (e.g. the WTO), which will control the activity of the hegemon. Though, in practice the co-existence of the hegemon and a controlling organization is impossible as the domain would be reluctant to follow other people’s rules. The anti-dumping policies launched by the USA are exemplary in this respect. Although the USA had to comply with the regulations provided, the country asked for â€Å"a reasonable period of time† (United States, 2011, n.p.). Thus, the hegemon had an opportunity to continue certain policies for the necessary period of time. It is possible to note that the dominant country strives for global trade balance which is beneficial for the country and is often reached at the expense of the developing countries. As has been mentioned above, the USA can be regarded as a modern illustration of the approach and its drawbacks. Clearly, at certain stage of the world’s development, the USA supported non-Communist countries and they all benefited, though the hegemon still got more. However, the decline of the hegemon led to the severe financial crisis, which affected lots of countries. Therefore, this approach has proved to be ineffective as it failed to achieve the global trade balance. More so, the approach is short-lived as the hegemony of the USA is coming to an end while other countries gain more power in the world. For instance, Kharroubi (2011) states that China is becoming a powerful agent in the world arena and can become the next hegemon. Of course, China’s hegemony can also finish within decades. Institutionalism is another approach which can be employed to achieve global trade balance. This approach consists in the belief that international relations as well as macroeconomic activities should be controlled by an international institution (or institutions) striving for global balance (Gilpin, 2011). Clearly, this approach also has both benefits and drawbacks. One of the major benefits of the approach is its comprehensiveness. Thus, international institutions are constituted by representatives from many countries. Potentially, such an organization can include all countries in the world. Thus, all countries’ interests can be taken into account. This comprehensiveness can ensure that countries will not take advantage of a state. Besides, such organizations (ideally) ensure availability of comprehensive data which can help come to the right conclusions. For instance, members of the organization can report about their problems or issues they foresee. This approach can be effective and can help countries achieve global trade balance. However, there are a number of drawbacks. The members of the international institution are still likely to pursue their national interests. The discussion of the most burning issues is always associated with a lot of debate. Sometimes countries spend a lot of time discussing an d still fail to come up with efficient solutions as each country tries to pursue certain goals. This can be detrimental as even though some decisions can be made, the discussion takes up too much time while some issues need immediate actions and decisions. Apart from this, countries can distort data provided to get some support or get profit. It is difficult to ensure that the data provided are adequate. Admittedly, decisions made on the basis of the distorted data are often erroneous. This undermines effectiveness of the approach. Nevertheless, institutionalism is the most appropriate approach, which can help diminish global trade imbalance. The other two approaches mentioned above are far less efficient. It is possible to compare the three approaches in terms of a number of aspects. When it comes to fairness and transparency, strategic theory and theory of hegemonic stability are less effective. Thus, Rodrik (2011) claims that in free trade there is always the winner and the loser , i.e. there are always stakeholder who gain profit at the expense of other stakeholders. The two approaches are characterized by existence of a single ruling force (a country or coalition of several countries or a hegemon). These two approaches lead to global trade imbalance as the country (or countries) in power focus on their aims rather than the good for all. At the same time, institutionalism ensures that interests of all countries will be taken into account. Importantly, developed and developing countries have the same rights and can affect the decisions made. When it comes to collecting and analyzing data all approaches are quite similar. Countries always try to pursue their national interests and can provide inadequate data to promote their nations. Though, it is necessary to add that the latter approach (i.e. institutionalism) is more vulnerable to this kind of problem as countries can affect the decision made and are more interested in creating certain image of their state s. It is also quite difficult to get all the necessary data for an international organization using own resources. Finally, it is possible to consider such aspect as the pace of decision making. Admittedly, the contemporary business world often needs quick and correct decisions. Hesitation often leads to losses or even financial crises. It is possible to state that the theory of hegemonic stability can be regarded as the most efficient in terms of the flexibility and decision making ‘speed’. The dominant country does not have to discuss decisions and can implement changes at once. As far as strategic theory is concerned, there can be certain amount of debate, but the agents are not numerous and they can be quite flexible as well. However, institutionalism is associated with a great deal of debate which makes decision-making process quite lasting. At that, irrespective of certain downsides, institutionalism can be effective in addressing issues related to global trade im balance. It can ensure fairness and transparency. All stakeholders involved can participate in the decision making. Nevertheless, this approach can be effective if people understand the importance of cooperation. Countries should provide adequate data to make the international organization able to develop proper strategies. People should also understand that sometimes they have to waive some privileges and refrain from deriving advantages to enable other countries to benefit. Countries should learn how to cooperate effectively. In conclusion, it is possible to state that global trade imbalance is one of the most burning issues as it has already led to numerous financial crises. It is also associated with military conflicts in developing countries. There are numerous ways to address the issue. For instance, it is possible to employ strategic theory, theory of hegemonic stability or institutionalism. The third approach is the most efficient as it ensures fairness and transparency. How ever, to make the approach truly effective, people should start cooperating. It is time to understand that cooperation is the key to global trade balance, which, in its turn, it crucial for proper development of nations. Reference List Adams, C., Park, D. (2009). Causes and consequences of global imbalances: Perspective from developing Asia. Asian Development Review, 26(1), 19-47. Retrieved from http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.177.2404rep=rep1type=pdf Gilpin, R. (2011). Global political economy: Understanding the international economic order. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. Kharroubi, E. (2011). The trade balance and the real exchange rate. BIS Quarterly Review, 33-42. Retrieved from bis.org/publ/qtrpdf/r_qt1109e.pdf Lane, C. (2013, November 19). Banks aren’t the bad guys. The Washington Post. Retrieved from washingtonpost.com/opinions/charles-lane-banks-arent-the-bad-guys/2013/11/18/fa1c7b1a-5073-11e3-a7f0-b790929232e1_story.html Pettis, M. (2013). The great rebalancing: Trade, conflict, and the perilous ahead for the world economy. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. Rodrik, D. (2011). The globalization paradox: Democracy and the future of the world economy. New York, NY: W.W. Norton. Sinn, H.W., Buchen, T., Wollmershauser, T. (2011). Trade imbalances – Causes, consequences and policy measures: IFO’s statement for the Camdessus commission. CESifo Forum, 1, 47-58. Retrieved from cesifo-group.de/portal/pls/portal/docs/1/1201880.PDF United States – Anti-dumping measures on certain shrimp from Viet Nam. (2011). Retrieved from wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/cases_e/ds404_e.htm World Trade Organization. (2009). Retrieved from wto.org/english/res_e/doload_e/inbr_e.pdf

American Lion (Panthera Leo Atrox) Facts and Figures

American Lion (Panthera Leo Atrox) Facts and Figures Name: American Lion; also known as Panthera leo atrox Habitat: Plains of North America Historical Period: Pleistocene-Modern (two million-10,000 years ago) Size and Weight: Up to 13 feet long and 1,000 pounds Diet: Meat Distinguishing Characteristics: Large size; lithe build; thick coat of fur About the American Lion (Panthera leo atrox) Contrary to popular belief, the saber-toothed tiger  (more accurately referred to by its genus name, Smilodon) wasnt the only feline apex predator of Pleistocene North America: there was also the American Lion, Panthera leo atrox. If this plus-sized cat was, in fact, a true lion- some paleontologists speculate that it may have been a species of jaguar or tiger- it was the largest of its kind that ever lived, outweighing its contemporary African relatives by hundreds of pounds. Even still, the American lion was no match for Smilodon, a more heavily built predator (only distantly related to the Panthera genus) that employed an entirely different hunting style. On the other hand, the American lion may have been smarter than Smilodon; before the advent of human civilization, thousands of saber-toothed tigers became mired in the La Brea Tar Pits in search of prey, but only a few dozen individuals of Panthera leo atrox met such a fate. Intelligence would have been a valuable trait in the competitive landscape of Pleistocene North America, where the American lion had to out-hunt not only Smilodon but also the dire wolf (Canis dirus) and the giant short-faced bear (Arctodus simus), among other megafauna mammals. Unfortunately, by the end of the last Ice Age, all of these vicious carnivores occupied the same dismal playing field, hunted to extinction by early humans at the same time as climate change and a reduction in their usual prey thinned out their populations. How was the American lion related to another famous big cat of Pleistocene North America, the cave lion? According to a recent analysis of mitochondrial DNA (which is passed on only by females, thus allowing for detailed genealogical studies), the American lion diverged from an isolated family of cave lions, cut off from the rest of the population by glacial activity, about 340,000 years ago. From that point on, the American lion and the cave lion coexisted in different North American territories, pursuing different hunting strategies.

Skill Acquisition Worksheet Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Skill Acquisition Worksheet - Essay Example Therefore, perfect coordination of footwork is very essential to reach the target. Gross body coordination: the body is in continuous motion during the play. Therefore, the movement of hand, eye, foot and back should be coordinated to hit the stroke at the right place and the right time. Stamina: undoubtedly, tennis is the sport that requires the greatest stamina. Therefore in order to sustain the energy level, breathing and cardiovascular effort is very important in addition to physical fitness. The information-processing theory basically tells about the cognitive development of an individual. The leaning of new things by the human mind is analyzed in this theory, which states that the sensory preceptors of the human mind receives information, which is then encoded and analyzed based on the perceptions and past experiences. This information is then stored in short term or long term memory depending on the nature of information. Whenever, a person learns new things, first he retrieves the previous information on the basis of which, he/she constructs new strategy to learn new things. a. ANTICIPATION: the information-processing theory helps an individual to take responsive action in course of particular situation. This response/decision is made on the basis of anticipation. Anticipation can be classified into two types: acceptor anticipation and receptor anticipation. Acceptor anticipation tells how much time an individual will take to coordinate the movement of his/her limbs. While receptor anticipation estimates the time required by a particular event to happen. The ability to anticipate the time and motion correctly is heavily dependent on past experiences and training. Human mind processes information/stimuli stored in short term and long term memory which is used to anticipate the information present in the environment on the basis of which the interceptor actions/responses are

How children develop their interpersonal skills Essay

How children develop their interpersonal skills - Essay Example Infants may cry to communicate their needs to their parents; they learn that when they cry they are fed and thus carry on with this routine. Eventually, with the correct training and assistance, children will learn that making use of words or expressions to communicate their needs could be their most effective technique (Hersen, 2011). This essay discusses how children develop their interpersonal skills and how digital technologies or electronic devices can be used to enhance children’s learning experience. Nevertheless, interpersonal skills are not confined with social tact like being courteous and well-mannered. Children’s social and interpersonal skills develop as they acquire communication skills. Numerous parents are anxious that their children are deficient in interpersonal or social skills, but this is a misperception in most instances. The essentials of social behavior originate from the emotional area of the brain, which is a vital determinant of morality, compassion, and fellow feeling (Hersen, 2011). Babies usually fret when they hear another baby screaming, for they know that someone is disgruntled. Hence several antecedents of interpersonal skills are perhaps wired to the brain, but experiences also affect the ability of children to recognize, understand, and react to others’ needs (Hersen, 2011). Focusing jointly on something is an early sign of interpersonal skills. Babies who often draw people’s attention to fascinating objects at nine months are more probable to be classified as socially capable at roughly two years. By their first year babies want or prefer people who support or give comfort to other people (Mathieson, 2004). Genuine fellow feeling, the capacity to understand and reflect on the feelings of others, is manifested by age five. In this young age, children exhibit remarkable improvements in self-discipline. Children who have greater self-discipline also manifest greater fellow feeling and more advanced sense of right and

The Learning Sciences Design Committee Essay Example for Free

The Learning Sciences Design Committee Essay PROJECT DESCRIPTION The Learning Sciences Design Committee at a local college is researching different factors that affect the design of a new student study lounge. Before making recommendations, members will present brief reports. As a member of the committee, your research is about the role music can play in various campus environments. You fine-tune your report in Word. GETTING STARTED Download the following file from the SAM website: IL_Word2013_UD_P1a_FirstLastName_1.docx Open the file you just downloaded and save it with the name: IL_Word2013_UD_P1a_FirstLastName_2. docx Hint: If you do not see the .docx file extension in the Save file dialog box, do not type it. Word will add the file extension for you automatically. With the file IL_Word2013_UD_P1a_FirstLastName_2.docx still open, ensure that your first and last name is displayed in the footer. If the footer does not display your name, delete the file and download a new copy from the SAM website. PROJECT STEPS 1. Change the document margins to Moderate. 2. Change the Citation Bibliography Style to MLA Seventh Edition. 3. Add a header to the document using the Blank format. Insert the text Music Behavior, insert a space, then insert a page number using the Plain Number format (1st option in the Current Position gallery). 4. Move the insertion point before the word â€Å"Retailers† in the paragraph that begins â€Å"Retailers, health care professionals, and educational institutions†¦Ã¢â‚¬ , then insert a continuous section break. 5. Format the section below the heading â€Å"How music affects behavior† into two columns. (Hint: The section containing the columns should end before the â€Å"Perception of Time Spent Shopping† heading at the top of the second page.) 6. At the top of the second column of text, move the insertion point after  the period in the sentence It is worth emphasizing that†¦could prove problematic., then insert the citation shown in Figure 1 below. Figure 1: Web Citation 7. Edit the citation to add the page number 2. 8. Move the insertion point after the period in the sentence â€Å"As the following table demonstratesin a variety of settings.†, then insert a footnote with the following text: 500 students surveyed. 9. Format the table beginning with â€Å"While cooking†¦Ã¢â‚¬  using the Grid Table 6 Colorful – Accent 6 table style. 10. Select the first column in the table and center-align the text. 11. Select the table and resize it using the AutoFit Window option. 12. On page two, move the insertion point to the blank line below the heading â€Å"Perception of Time Spent Shopping†. Insert a table with 3 columns and 5 rows. 13. Type the data from Table 1 below into the table you just created. Table 1: Perception of Time Spent Shopping 14. Format the table using the Grid Table 4 – Accent 6 table style. 15. Move the insertion point to the blank line below the table on page two and insert a page break to create a new page three. 16. Move the insertion point to the top of the new page three and insert a Bibliography using the built-in Works Cited style from the Bibliography gallery. 17. Check the Spelling Grammar in the document to identify and correct any spelling errors. (Hint: You should find and correct at least 1 spelling error.) Your document should look like the Final Figure on the following pages. Save your changes, close the document, and exit Word. Follow the directions on the SAM website to submit your completed project.

Internet Pornography Censorship vs Free Speech -- Internet Pornography

The Internet is a worldwide network of computers and databases that has evolved rapidly in recent years. Tremendous amounts of information are transmitted and are fairly easy to obtain. Although in the past the information available was for the most part educational and business oriented, in recent years it has become much more diverse and questions have been raised as to the appropriateness of the content being viewed and consumed. Another issue is whether or not the government should take an active role in censoring it, especially when it comes to pornography, or cyberporn, as it is more commonly referred to when it is displayed on the Internet. Should cyberporn be censored? If so, who is responsible, parents or the government? Is Internet censorship the solution, or a violation of the first amendment? The citizens of a democracy must make these kinds of decisions while simultaneously maintaining freedom and responsibility on the Internet. BACKGROUND OF THE PROBLEM Pornography on the Internet and the ease at which it can be accessed has been a very controversial issue, especially in the last ten years. The Internet was largely unregulated until 1996 when the Communication Decency Act, a portion of the Telecommunications act, was proposed. The Communication Decency Act, or the CDA, made it illegal to make or solicit any image or message that was â€Å"obscene† or â€Å"indecent†. (Wekesser 106), But how do we define terms with an ambiguity such as these. The Court in Miller-constructed the modern definition of â€Å"obscene†: The basic guidelines of the trier of fact must be must be: (a) whether â€Å"the average person, applying contemporary community standards† would find that the work, taken as a whole, appeals to the prurient... ... a democracy must achieve a happy medium. I agree that much of the cyberporn that is attainable is inappropriate, especially when it involves children in even a remotely sexual manner. However, censorship is not the answer. We must find a way to practice freedom of expression while maintaining decency and assuming responsibility, as individuals, for our children. Bibliography: Works Cited Elmer-Dewitt, Philip (1995) â€Å"On A Screen Near You: Cyberporn.† Time, July 1995 Ford, Marrin, Esposito, Witmeyer & Gleser, Can Congress Censor The Internet? L.L.P., 1996 Simon, Glenn E. (1998), â€Å"Cyberporn and censorship: constitutional barriers to preventing access to Internet pornography by minors.† Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, v88 n3 p1015-1048. Wekesser, Carol. (1997). Pornography: opposing viewpoints. California: Greenhaven Press, Inc.

The Four Types of Essay Organization

* The four types of essay organization that was discussed in the course readings were topic, time order, space order, and informative process. The characteristic that makes these essays expository for topic expository develops by topic systematically organizes information about topic in the most logical fashion. Time order developed by time order involves the sequential or chronological organization of information form one period to another. This types of expository developed arranges information according to date or specific time, for instance, from the earliest to the most recent or vice versa.Space order an expository essay developed by space order involves the spatial organization of idea. This arrangement refers to information that deals with location of people, places, or things. Finally, the informative process developed by informative process may best be described as how essay, or demonstration. * How to distinguish space organization from time organization or informative pro cess organization is that space organization arranges deals with people, places or things.And informative just involves step-by-step process, with arranged in their natural order, for example, â€Å"How to Write an Expository Essay†. * The organization of each essay can help the reader understand the subject matter because it helps defines and understand of each type of expository essays. * The essay I read that had the most effective organization was â€Å"A Soul as Free as the Air: About Lacy Stone†; because the essay explained everything about Lacy Stone by giving examples and details about her life.It also was developed in the four basic expository essay format with the topic giving the information about the whole essay, and with the time order it basically arranged everything and order that happened in her life, space order it stated how she lived her life in different place, and also the time she spent, and as for informative process the essay was basically writt en step by step giving details about the whole essay. * The type of essay organization that is suitable for my essay topic is topic because it would contain systematically organize information about a topic in the most logical fashion.